Epigraph:
“With Him are the keys of the unseen—no one knows them except Him. And He knows what is in the land and sea. Not even a leaf falls without His knowledge, nor a grain in the darkness of the earth or anything—green or dry—but is [written] in a perfect Record.” (Al Quran 6:59)
Written and collected by Zia H Shah MD, Chief Editor of the Muslim Times
In his book The Bible, The Qur’an and Science, Dr. Maurice Bucaille undertakes a comparative analysis of the scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in light of modern scientific knowledge. His study aims to distinguish between what he considers divine revelation and human additions or errors within these texts.
Bucaille examines the Old Testament, highlighting what he perceives as inconsistencies and scientific inaccuracies. He suggests that certain descriptions, particularly those related to creation and historical events, conflict with established scientific understanding. He attributes these discrepancies to human modifications over time.
Turning to the New Testament, Bucaille analyzes the Gospels, questioning their authenticity and historical reliability. He points out contradictions between different accounts and suggests that the Gospels have undergone alterations, leading to narratives that may not align with historical facts or scientific knowledge.
In contrast, Bucaille asserts that the Qur’an contains numerous statements that are consistent with modern scientific discoveries. He argues that the Qur’an, revealed in the 7th century, includes information about astronomy, embryology, and geology that was unknown at the time, suggesting a divine origin.
Bucaille concludes that, unlike the Bible, the Qur’an has remained free from errors and contradictions when examined in the context of modern science. He posits that this consistency supports the view of the Qur’an as a true divine revelation.
Often, I try to step in the shoes of Bucaille, and enhance my faith and others by aligning Quranic understanding with the best science, but sometimes I put a different angle on it. I bank on my well-informed faith that the Qur’an is the literal word of God, who knows every secret of the heavens and the earth and start reading the scripture in light of modern established science and see if that clarifies theology or understanding of the reality of our universe. Today, we are going to learn quantum entanglement and then read the Qur’an in its light.
Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement, a phenomenon where particles become interconnected such that the state of one instantly influences the state of another, regardless of the distance separating them, has been a focal point in the field of quantum mechanics. It is a fundamental phenomenon in quantum mechanics, and has profound implications for our understanding of reality. It challenges classical intuitions about the separability of distant objects and the nature of information transfer. Here are some key implications:
1. Non-Locality
Entanglement suggests that particles can exhibit correlations instantaneously, regardless of the distance separating them. This “spooky action at a distance,” as Einstein termed it, implies that the universe allows for connections that transcend classical spatial separations. While these correlations do not enable faster-than-light communication, they challenge the classical notion that objects are only influenced by their immediate surroundings. en.wikipedia.org
2. Challenges to Classical Realism
The violation of Bell’s inequalities by entangled particles indicates that the properties of these particles are not predetermined prior to measurement. This challenges the classical idea of realism, which posits that physical properties exist independently of observation. Instead, quantum mechanics suggests that certain properties may not have definite values until they are observed. en.wikipedia.org
3. Information and Causality
Entanglement raises questions about the nature of information and causality. The instantaneous correlations between entangled particles suggest a form of information sharing that does not fit within the traditional confines of space and time. This has led to discussions about the fundamental limits of information transfer and the potential need to revise our understanding of causality in the quantum realm. en.wikipedia.org
4. Implications for the Nature of Space-Time
Some theoretical physicists have proposed that entanglement could be fundamental to the fabric of space-time itself. The ER=EPR conjecture, for instance, posits that entangled particles are connected by non-traversable wormholes, suggesting a deep link between quantum mechanics and general relativity. This perspective implies that space-time geometry might emerge from underlying quantum entanglements. en.wikipedia.org
5. Impact on Consciousness and Reality
The non-local correlations observed in entanglement have led some to speculate about potential connections between quantum mechanics and consciousness. While highly speculative and controversial, these ideas explore whether entanglement could play a role in cognitive processes or the nature of subjective experience. reddit.com
In summary, quantum entanglement challenges and enriches our understanding of reality, suggesting that the universe is more interconnected and less deterministic than classical physics envisioned. These insights continue to inspire both foundational research in physics and philosophical inquiries into the nature of existence.
Over the years, several Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded to scientists whose work directly or indirectly advanced the understanding and application of quantum entanglement.
2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for their pioneering experiments with entangled photons, which established the violation of Bell inequalities and advanced quantum information science. nobelprize.org
- John F. Clauser: In 1972, Clauser and Stuart Freedman conducted the first experimental test of the Bell inequalities, providing initial evidence against local hidden variable theories and supporting the predictions of quantum mechanics.
- Alain Aspect: In the 1980s, Aspect performed experiments that closed important loopholes in previous tests, further confirming the non-local nature of quantum entanglement.
- Anton Zeilinger: Zeilinger’s work included demonstrations of quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, foundational for the development of quantum communication and computing technologies.
Other Notable Contributions
While the 2022 Nobel Prize explicitly recognized work on quantum entanglement, earlier laureates have also contributed to the field, albeit indirectly:
- Albert Einstein: Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein co-authored the 1935 paper introducing the EPR paradox, which questioned the completeness of quantum mechanics and laid the groundwork for future discussions on entanglement.
- Niels Bohr: Recipient of the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the structure of atoms, Bohr engaged in significant debates with Einstein regarding the fundamental nature of quantum mechanics, including the implications of entanglement.
These foundational discussions and experiments have propelled the study of quantum entanglement from a theoretical curiosity to a cornerstone of modern quantum technologies, influencing ongoing research in quantum computing, cryptography, and information science.
Quantum entanglement has been extensively validated through numerous experiments since its theoretical inception. These experiments have not only confirmed the existence of entanglement but have also deepened our understanding of its implications.
Early Experimental Confirmations
In 1972, physicist John F. Clauser and his colleague Stuart Freedman conducted the first experimental test of Bell’s inequalities, providing initial evidence against local hidden variable theories and supporting the predictions of quantum mechanics. Their work laid the groundwork for future experiments by demonstrating that entangled particles exhibit correlations that cannot be explained by classical physics alone.
Aspect’s Experiment
In the early 1980s, Alain Aspect and his team in France performed a series of experiments that addressed significant loopholes in previous tests. By rapidly changing the settings of their detectors while entangled photons were in flight, they ensured that no classical communication could influence the results. Their findings provided strong evidence against local hidden variable theories and reinforced the non-local nature of quantum entanglement.
Long-Distance Entanglement
Advancements in technology have enabled tests of entanglement over increasingly vast distances. In 1998, experiments in Geneva demonstrated that entangled photons remained correlated even when separated by over 10 kilometers, confirming that distance does not diminish entanglement. More recently, China’s Micius satellite facilitated entanglement-based quantum communication between ground stations separated by thousands of kilometers, highlighting the feasibility of satellite-based quantum networks.
High-Energy Particle Entanglement
Beyond photons, entanglement has been observed in various particles. In 2024, experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider reported entanglement between top quarks and their antimatter counterparts. This observation at unprecedented energy levels suggests that entanglement is a universal feature of quantum systems, extending its relevance to high-energy physics.
Cosmic Scale Tests
To further eliminate potential loopholes, researchers have utilized ancient light from distant quasars to determine detector settings in entanglement experiments. By using cosmic photons that have traveled billions of years, these experiments aim to ensure that the choice of measurement settings is free from any local influences, thereby closing the “freedom-of-choice” loophole.
Recognition of Pioneering Work
The significance of these experimental validations was underscored in 2022 when the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for their pioneering experiments with entangled photons. Their work established the violation of Bell inequalities and advanced the field of quantum information science.
Collectively, these experiments provide compelling evidence for the reality of quantum entanglement, affirming its foundational role in our understanding of the quantum world and paving the way for practical applications in quantum computing, cryptography, and communication.
Quranic Verses Examined in Light of Quantum Entanglement
The Quran describes that God knows our inner most thoughts and is closer to us than our jugular veins and talks about a record keeping system, possibly in metaphorical terms:
And assuredly, We have created man and We know what his physical self whispers to him, and We are nearer to him than even his jugular vein. When the two Recording angels record the deeds of men, one sitting on the right and the other on the left, He utters not a word but there is by him a guardian angel ready to record it. (Al Quran 50:16-18)
The Quran emphasizes that Allah possesses complete and all-encompassing knowledge of the universe, including every thought, secret, and hidden aspect of creation. Numerous verses highlight this divine attribute, underscoring the omniscience of Allah.
Allah’s Knowledge of Secrets and Inner Thoughts
In Surah At-Tawbah (9:78), it is stated:
“Do they not know that Allah knows their secret ideas, and their secret talk, and that Allah is the All-Knower of the unseen?”
This verse underscores that Allah is fully aware of the concealed thoughts and private conversations of individuals, as well as all that is beyond human perception.
Similarly, Surah Ta-Ha (20:7) declares:
“And if you speak aloud the word, then indeed, He knows the secret and the more hidden.”
This highlights that whether one speaks openly or keeps thoughts hidden, Allah is aware of both the apparent and the innermost secrets.
Allah’s Knowledge of the Unseen and the Universe
Surah Al-Mulk (67:13-14) proclaims:
“Whether you hide your word or publish it. He certainly has full knowledge of the secrets of all hearts. Should He not know—He that created? And He is the One that understands the finest mysteries (and) is well-acquainted (with them).”
These verses affirm that Allah, as the Creator, inherently knows every detail of His creation, including the deepest secrets within the hearts of beings.
Furthermore, Surah Al-Mujadila (58:7) states:
“Do you not see that Allah knows all that is in the heavens and on earth? There is not a secret consultation between three, but He makes the fourth among them—nor between five but He makes the sixth—nor between fewer nor more, but He is in their midst, wheresoever they be. In the end will He tell them the truth of their conduct, on the Day of Judgment. For Allah has full knowledge of all things.”
This verse emphasizes that no private discussion or secret is beyond Allah’s knowledge, highlighting His omnipresence and omniscience.
Allah’s Comprehensive Awareness
In Surah Al-Hujurat (49:18), it is conveyed:
“Indeed, Allah knows the unseen [aspects] of the heavens and the earth. And Allah is Seeing of what you do.”
This verse reiterates that Allah’s knowledge encompasses all hidden aspects of the heavens and the earth, and He is fully aware of all actions.
Collectively, these verses illustrate the Quranic portrayal of Allah’s infinite knowledge, encompassing every thought, secret, and facet of the universe. This understanding serves to remind believers of Allah’s omnipresence and the importance of sincerity and mindfulness in both actions and intentions.
The Quran emphasizes Allah’s absolute sovereignty and comprehensive knowledge over all aspects of creation, from the vastness of the heavens to the minutest details of the earth. Several verses illustrate that every particle, every leaf, and every event occurs under His divine will and awareness.
Divine Knowledge of the Unseen and the Seen
In Surah Al-An’am (6:59), the Quran states:
“With Him are the keys of the unseen—no one knows them except Him. And He knows what is in the land and sea. Not even a leaf falls without His knowledge, nor a grain in the darkness of the earth or anything—green or dry—but is [written] in a perfect Record.”
This verse underscores that Allah’s knowledge encompasses all things, both manifest and hidden. The mention of a falling leaf signifies that even the most seemingly insignificant events are within His awareness.
Creation and Regulation of the Universe
Surah Al-Fussilat (41:47) highlights Allah’s control over all creation:
“No date-fruit comes out of its sheath, nor does a female conceive [within her womb] nor bring forth [young], but He has knowledge thereof.”
This verse illustrates that every aspect of creation, from the emergence of fruit to the conception and birth of living beings, occurs under Allah’s precise knowledge and command.
Allah’s Omnipotence and Omniscience
In Surah Al-Hadid (57:3-4), it is proclaimed:
“He is the First and the Last, the Most High and the Most Near. And He is, of all things, Knowing. It is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne. He knows what penetrates into the earth and what emerges from it, and what descends from the heaven and what ascends therein. And He is with you wherever you are. And Allah, of what you do, is Seeing.”
These verses affirm that Allah’s knowledge and presence encompass all dimensions of existence, and His authority governs every occurrence within the universe.
The Quran consistently emphasizes that Allah’s dominion and knowledge extend to every facet of creation. From the fall of a single leaf to the movements within the cosmos, all are under His control and within His perfect awareness. This understanding fosters a sense of humility and mindfulness among believers, recognizing the profound depth of Allah’s omniscience and omnipotence.
Epilogue
Quantum mechanics, particularly the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, has intrigued both scientists and theologians, leading to discussions about its implications for concepts such as divine providence.
Quantum entanglement occurs when particles become interconnected in such a way that the state of one particle is directly related to the state of another, regardless of the distance separating them. This means that a change in one particle’s state will instantaneously affect the state of its entangled partner, a phenomenon that Albert Einstein famously referred to as “spooky action at a distance.”
Some theologians and thinkers have drawn analogies between quantum entanglement and the concept of divine providence—the belief that a higher power is actively involved in the world. They suggest that the interconnectedness observed in entangled particles might metaphorically reflect a universe under divine orchestration, where all events are interrelated within a grand design.
For instance, the Center for Action and Contemplation discusses how quantum entanglement hints at a universe where everything is in relationship and communion, suggesting a deeper, perhaps divinely orchestrated, interconnectedness. cac.org
The Quranic verses suggest not only that universe is under divine orchestration but there are mechanisms for record keeping to provide for eventual accountability and Afterlife.
There are other verses that imply constant updating of human consciousness in extra-dimensions but that is for another day.
The Glorious Quran and Science 
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